purna das

Purna Chandra Das also known as Purna Das (Bengali: পূর্ণচন্দ্র দাস) (1 June 1899 – 4 May 1956) was a prominent Indian revolutionary and freedom fighter who played a significant role in the Indian independence movement. He founded the Madaripur Samiti, a revolutionary group, during his early years and actively participated in key revolutionary activities alongside leaders like Bagha Jatin. Das was repeatedly imprisoned for his involvement in nationalist uprisings and later joined Subhas Chandra Bose's Forward Bloc. After India's partition, he focused on refugee rehabilitation in Kolkata.^[1] Over his lifetime, he endured long periods of imprisonment and hardship, dedicating himself to India’s freedom struggle and post-independence social welfare. Kazi Nazrul Islam, the national poet of Bangladesh, once described him as the "Bold Hero from Madaripur." After independence, he moved to South Kolkata, where he played a notable role in refugee rehabilitation.^[2]  

Purna Chandra Das
Purna Chandra Das
Born	(1899-06-01)1 June 1899 Madaripur, Bengal, British Raj
Died	4 May 1956(1956-05-04) (aged 56) Kolkata, West Bengal, India
Other names	Purna Das
Alma mater	Bangabasi College
Known for	participation in Indian independence movement
Father	Kashinath Das
Signature

Birth and upbringing

Purna Chandra Das was born on the 1 June 1899 in a modest hut in the village of Samaj Ishibpur, located in the Madaripur District (present-day Bangladesh). He was a premature infant, born at eight months, and was frail and weak at birth. His parents, living in poverty, struggled to provide adequate nourishment for him, as they could not afford cow’s milk to sustain their fifth child.^[1]

A compassionate widow from a neighbouring household provided daily milk to the infant, which was crucial for his survival.^[2]

During this period, Bengali society was undergoing significant religious, political, and social ferment, characterised by various reform movements and emerging ideologies. This environment would later influence Das's revolutionary activities.^[3][4]

For his education, Purna Chandra Das attended Bajitpur Upazila High English School, where he studied up to Class VII. The following year, after completing Class VII, he was admitted to Madaripur High English School for Class VIII.^[5][6][7]

Formative years and education

Das spent much of his childhood near the banks of the Arial Khan River, which flowed by the outskirts of his village. After school, he often wandered the riverbanks with friends, enjoying moments of play, conversation, and laughter. These simple activities were among his happiest memories. Despite his cheerful companionship with others, Das was known to experience periods of deep introspection. Even in the midst of social gatherings, he was sometimes observed quietly lost in thought or gazing into the distance.^[8]

After completing his early education, Das passed the entrance examination and, in 1905, moved to Kolkata to pursue higher studies at Bangabasi College. There, he quickly integrated into academic and social circles, forming close friendships and earning the respect and admiration of his peers.^[9]

During this period, Das developed a growing interest in religious philosophy and criticism. He experienced a profound internal conflict—torn between his sense of patriotic duty and a strong inclination toward spiritual life.^[10][11]

Spiritual crisis and political awakening

While in Kolkata, Das met a prominent political leader from Bengal.^[12] However, the leader, noting Das’s frail physical appearance, dismissed him as unsuitable for revolutionary work. This rejection left a significant emotional impact and contributed to a period of spiritual crisis.^[13]

Seeking solace, Das travelled to Varanasi to pursue a spiritual path under the guidance of a guru. There, a Hindu ascetic reportedly told him that renunciation was not his destiny, as he still had many important responsibilities to fulfil in the world. This encounter played a pivotal role in redirecting Das's focus toward social and political engagement.

Involvement in revolutionary activities

After a period of spiritual exploration and internal conflict, Purna Chandra Das returned to Kolkata and resolved to dedicate his life to the cause of Indian independence. Following a phase of deep introspection, he made a decisive commitment to political activism. He invited his close friend and fellow revolutionary from Madaripur, Kali Prasad Banerjee, to join him in Kolkata. Together, they envisioned the formation of a revolutionary group grounded in self-reliance and mutual conviction.

Das became increasingly disillusioned with traditional societal expectations, religious pursuits, and the prospect of a conventional future. Influenced by his Western-style education and the ideals of courage and self-sacrifice, he embraced a life of political resistance with unwavering determination.^[14]

His primary focus became the liberation of India from colonial rule. He dedicated himself entirely to the nationalist cause, channelling his energy into organising and inspiring others to join the movement. Known for his persuasive communication and personal charisma, Das was particularly effective in building connections with young people, many of whom were drawn into revolutionary work through his influence.^[15]

First arrest

While studying at Bangabasi College in Kolkata, Purna Chandra Das was arrested around 1910 on suspicion of involvement in the theft of a firearm belonging to a European individual named Mr. Manuk. Due to insufficient evidence, he was released after a few days. This incident marked the first arrest of his political career.^[16]

In 1912, Das once again came under police scrutiny due to his growing involvement in revolutionary activities. During the investigation of a robbery, his name surfaced as a suspect, prompting renewed efforts by law enforcement to locate and arrest him. The widespread circulation of arrest rumours reportedly caused significant distress to his family. His mother, upon hearing the news, is said to have fallen unconscious from shock and later passed away.^[17][18]

Assuming that Das would return home to attend his mother's funeral, the police maintained a watch around his residence. However, instead of returning covertly, he presented himself voluntarily before the court and requested the removal of the police presence at his home. After a trial that lasted approximately six months, he was acquitted due to lack of evidence.^[19]

Shortly thereafter, Das was arrested once more—this time as a suspect in the Faridpur Conspiracy Case, a prominent political case of the period.^[20] The trial implicated several of his close associates including Binod Brahmachari (later known as Swami Pranavananda, founder and president of the Bharat Sevashram Sangha); Manoranjan Sengupta; Chittapriya Ray Chaudhuri; and Nirendranath Dasgupta. (These three, along with Bagha Jatin, were martyred in an armed encounter with the police at Balasore). In total, 65 young men were implicated in the case. Some of those arrested were residents of Dhaka, indicating that the revolutionary organization had expanded beyond the Faridpur District into neighbouring regions. During this period, Dr. Sarat Saha played an active and supportive role in the group's activities.^[21]

The accused were charged under the Faridpur Conspiracy Case, but the allegations were never proven in court. After a trial lasting approximately six months, the government withdrew the case. The circumstances behind the dismissal, including potential behind-the-scenes influences, continue to be a topic of historical investigation.^[22][23][24]

Leadership

During the legal proceedings related to the Faridpur Conspiracy Case, the government's police prosecutor was Ashwini Guha, a respected Police Superintendent. Despite his official role, Guha was reportedly deeply impressed by Purna Chandra Das's personality, dedication, and organisational abilities. Influenced by Das's revolutionary spirit, Guha later expressed admiration for him and regarded himself as fortunate to have encountered him. Guha's intelligence and strategic acumen were significant factors in the eventual dismissal of this and earlier cases against Das.^[25]

Under Das's leadership, a covert and strategic campaign was conducted to organise and expand the revolutionary movement. He devoted his life to building an extensive network of activists committed to the cause of Indian independence. His political activities during his student years made it difficult for him to focus solely on academic pursuits.^[26][27]

In 1914–1915, Das and his close associates Kali Prasad Banerjee and Surendra Mohan Saha faced legal charges under Sections 109 and 110 of the Indian Penal Code. While Das was released, Banerjee and Saha were sentenced to imprisonment. A few months later, Das was arrested under the Defence of India Act 1915 and detained in Cox's Bazar and Chittagong. He was held in various prisons until his release in 1920, following the proclamation of King George V, which marked the beginning of a new political phase. The period following the Alipore bomb case was marked by heightened political tension in Bengal and across India. The death of Bal Gangadhar Tilak, a prominent nationalist leader, left a significant leadership void. Tilak had been widely respected for his assertive campaigns for Indian independence movement. In the aftermath, Mahatma Gandhi rose to prominence, leading a movement grounded in nonviolent resistance. Gandhi’s efforts gained further support through an alliance with the Khilafat Movement, which had strong backing from the Muslim community. Gandhi set a goal of achieving Swaraj (self-rule) by 31 December.^[28]

Purna Chandra Das on his first arrest.

During this politically charged period, Purnachandra Das, recently released from imprisonment, sought to apply his experience in new political and social initiatives. He occasionally engaged in ideological debates with Deshbandhu Chittaranjan Das, reflecting the diversity of views within the independence movement.^[29][30]

Das believed that Indian independence required a disciplined and united volunteer force with a military ethos. He argued that a fragmented and undisciplined populace had hindered previous efforts.^[31]

Formation of volunteer forces and political activities

During this period, military drills and extensive fundraising efforts were simultaneously underway despite harsh weather conditions. Two independent groups were actively raising funds: one led by Purna Chandra Das and another by Chittaranjan Das's team, which was collecting contributions for Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Swaraj Fund. This parallel fundraising led to direct conflict between the groups.^[32]

Deshbandhu intervened to resolve the dispute and publicly appealed through newspapers for Purna Chandra Das to cease his fundraising efforts. Subsequently, Das withdrew his campaign and returned to Madaripur.^[29][33]

In Madaripur and Swangrampur, institutions founded by Das began to progress more steadily. The organization he developed through the Hari Sabha and Sangha, with support from local youth, grew vigorously in Swangrampur. Upon his return to Madaripur, Das revitalised various youth groups and organizations, which became a significant driving force in the region’s political activities.^[34]

His childhood companion Niranjan Das maintained contact with these groups despite difficult circumstances. Other prominent revolutionary youths, including Jatin Bhattacharya, Surendramohan Saha, Suren Kar Roy, Jiban Sarkar, Amalendu Dasgupta, Prafulla Chowdhury, Jiban Mishra, Panchanan Chakraborty, Prafulla Chatterjee, Bamadas Chakraborty, Bijoy Dutta, rallied under Das’s leadership to form a volunteer force known as the Shanti Sena (Peace Army).^[35][36]

The Shanti Sena became widely known throughout Bengal for its discipline, strategic organization, dedication, and military-style order. Although efforts to fully organize the force in Kolkata faced challenges, Das successfully established the Shanti Sena across the province.

Following Mahatma Gandhi's arrival in Kolkata, Chittaranjan Das conveyed Gandhi's appeal to all revolutionary groups to suspend their militant activities and support the non-cooperation movement. In response, Das integrated the Shanti Sena into a larger volunteer organization called the Provincial Volunteer Corps, which actively participated in Gandhi's movement.^[37][38]

In 1921, Purna Chandra Das was imprisoned in Faridpur District jail alongside contemporaries such as Suren Biswas and Tamiz Uddin Khan. During this period, several notable students, including Panchanan Chakraborty, Prafulla Chatterjee, Bhavesh Roy Chowdhury, Bijoy Dutta, and Pulin Ganguly, were expelled from Madaripur High English School, an event that deeply affected Das and the local political climate. The expulsion of several students from Madaripur English High School had a significant impact on their academic and political trajectories. Another notable event was the flogging of Panchanan Chakraborty and Surendranath Singh in Faridpur Jail, ordered by District Magistrate G.P. Hogg. This incident sparked widespread outrage across Bengal and India, and was strongly condemned by Mahatma Gandhi in his journal Young India.^[39]

Following these events, Purna Chandra Das returned to Kolkata, where Chittaranjan Das was organizing a Satyagraha campaign against the oppressive actions of the purohitas at Tarakeswar. The purohita's disruptive and tyrannical behaviour had caused widespread unrest. Das supported Chittaranjan Das by leading a volunteer corps in the ongoing campaign, which resulted in the imprisonment of hundreds of youths.^[40]

Later, Purna Chandra Das was arrested while attending a youth conference in Dinajpur and spent several years in prison. During this time, he was incarcerated alongside notable leaders such as Subhas Chandra Bose in facilities including the Berhampore Metal Asylum and Mandalay prison in Burma. He was finally released in 1927.

Despite repeated imprisonments, Das and other revolutionaries like Bhishananda Das continued their activism, inspiring the youth to establish various akharas (training centres), associations, and physical exercise clubs. In 1927–28, youth conferences such as the Tripura Youth Conference, North Kolkata Youth Conference, Kalighat Youth Conference, and Chandannagar Youth Conference became especially vibrant. Purna Chandra Das's speeches at these gatherings had a lasting influence on the youth and were widely published in periodicals of the era.^[41][42]

In 1928, at the Indian National Congress session held in Kolkata under the presidency of Pandit Motilal Nehru, Das formed a disciplined "Volunteer Corps" that included leaders like Subhas Bose. This corps played a key role in maintaining order during Motilal Nehru’s grand procession from Howrah to Park Circus ground and throughout the three-day session, a contribution noted in the annals of the independence movement.^[43]

During the Civil Disobedience Movement, which mobilised the Indian subcontinent against the salt laws, Purna Chandra Das played a prominent role in directing the Indian National Congress’s activities across Bengal during the independence movement. Along with his associates, he actively participated in various districts, encouraging revolutionaries to join Gandhi's mass movement and contribute meaningfully to the political ideology of the time.^[44]

In 1931, Das was again imprisoned and remained incarcerated until his release in 1938. Following his release, he dedicated himself to relief efforts and fundraising on behalf of suffering political prisoners. He established his base of operations at Neelmani Dutta Lane at his companion Chunilal Ghatak's residence, adopting innovative organisational methods. Between 1933 and 1938, approximately 5,000 activists from his group took part in the Salt Satyagraha and other political actions, including protests during executions, imprisonments, and detentions without trial.^[45]

Prior to the Quit India Movement, Das was arrested once more and detained in various jails. He was finally released in mid-1946. During this period, Subhas Chandra Bose was elected Congress president three times, highlighting the dynamic and complex leadership within the independence movement.^[46]

Post-Independence contributions and legacy

Upon his return to Kolkata via Rajbari, Purna Chandra Das was greeted with great enthusiasm by a large gathering of followers and well-wishers. The event was made particularly significant by the participation of renowned persecuted patriots and intellectuals from Rajbari, including Naresh Basu, Nirod Das, Nirod Sen, and Phani Ray, who honoured his lifelong service to the nation.^[47]

Following the Partition of India in 1947, which led to the mass displacement of millions from East Bengal (now Bangladesh), Das played a pivotal role in the rehabilitation of refugees in West Bengal. As a senior member of the Bengal Rehabilitation Board, he worked tirelessly to organise relief efforts, provide shelter, and support the resettlement of displaced families, demonstrating his continued commitment to public service even after independence.^[48]

Purna Chandra Das, a key architect of Bengal's revolutionary era and an inspiration to countless freedom fighters, remained a symbol of defiance and resistance to colonial oppression for nearly a century. Under his leadership, thousands of young revolutionaries were mobilised, and his actions continued to strike fear into the hearts of British authorities.^[49]

Death and final rites

Das met a violent end—he was stabbed to death in broad daylight by an assailant on a busy street in the city. His assassination marked the loss of one of Bengal's most steadfast and visionary leaders.^[50][51]

From left: Bust of Purna Chandra Das on Purna Das road in South Kolkata and his potrait

At approximately 3:15 PM on the day of the tragic incident, Chunilal Ghatak, upon receiving distressing news from the hospital, rushed from his residence at 20-B Mahim Haldar Street. There, he was confronted with the lifeless body of Purna Chandra Das, lying in solemn repose. Overcome with grief, he returned home and immediately informed the Chief Minister of West Bengal Bidhan Chandra Roy, over the telephone.^[52][53][54]

Responding swiftly, Bidhan Roy ordered a high-level investigation into the matter and dispatched a senior police official to oversee the proceedings. The news of the assassination sent shockwaves through the political and social circles of Bengal. Several ministers and leading political figures arrived at the hospital to pay their last respects to the departed revolutionary.^[55]

By the following morning, as the tragic news appeared in newspapers, a deep pall of mourning descended upon Kolkata. Thousands of people from the city and surrounding suburbs gathered spontaneously to pay homage to the revered leader.

The funeral procession began from Chunilal Ghatak’s residence and proceeded solemnly through Shyama Prasad Mukherjee Road, Ashutosh Mukherjee Road, and reached the Bengal Provincial Congress Office. From there, the cortege passed through Lansdowne Road, Gariahat, and the late leader's residence in Manoharpukur. It then moved through Jadavpur, Ramgarh, and various refugee settlements—sites closely associated with his humanitarian work—before finally arriving at the Keoratola crematorium at 4:00 PM.^[56]

Members of the Kolkata Municipal Corporation, including Chitto Chattopadhyay and Krishnakumar Chattopadhyay, had made all necessary arrangements at the crematorium. His close relative, Harinarayan Das, performed the last rites.^[57][58]

In the presence of thousands of grieving citizens, fellow freedom fighters, and admirers, the mortal remains of Purna Chandra Das—who had profoundly shaped Bengal's revolutionary and nationalist landscape for over half a century—were consigned to the flames, bringing to a close the earthly journey of one of India's most steadfast patriots.^[59]

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Bibliography

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• Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, History of the Freedom Movement in India, III, Calcutta 1963.
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